Now iconic, the table was invented in the 1800s, long before anyone knew what was inside an atom. As more elements were found, the table got bigger. Some were discovered at risk to life and limb – for example, the hunt for the explosive element fluorine injured or even killed several scientists, who came to be known as the fluorine martyrs. Even now, the table is still growing as scientists push the boundaries and add to the 118 elements discovered so far. Some of the newest elements have been observed only as they briefly flicker into existence in the extreme conditions inside particle colliders and accelerators.

Gorgeous photographs show even the most familiar elements in a new light. Bold, clear infographics and artworks reveal aspects of their atomic structure that explain why they behave the way they do. For example, why is gold so malleable and diamond so incredibly hard? How can bismuth levitate, and why does cobalt make paint such a vivid blue?